Ngā Hua
Ngā Kōwae
Kei te wātea ngā kōwae ritenga hei whakatutuki i ngā hiahia motuhake a ngā kiritaki, ā, e tutuki ana hoki i ngā paerewa ahumahi me ngā tikanga whakamātautau e tika ana. I te wā o te tukanga hoko, ka whakamōhiotia e ā mātou kaihoko ngā kiritaki mō ngā mōhiohio taketake o ngā kōwae kua tonoa, tae atu ki te momo tāutanga, ngā tikanga whakamahi, me te rerekētanga i waenga i ngā kōwae tuku iho me ngā kōwae ritenga. Waihoki, ka whakamōhiotia hoki e ngā kaihoko ā rātou kiritaki o muri mai ngā taipitopito mō ngā kōwae ritenga.
Kei a mātou ngā anga pango, hiriwa rānei o ngā kōwae hei whakatutuki i ngā tono a ngā kiritaki me te whakamahinga o ngā kōwae. Ka tūtohu mātou i ngā kōwae anga pango ātaahua mō ngā tuanui me ngā pakitara ārai whare. Kāore he pānga o ngā anga pango, hiriwa rānei ki te putanga pūngao o te kōwae.
Kāore i te tūtohutia te poka me te whakarewa i te mea ka kino pea te hanganga whānui o te kōwae, ka heke ai te kaha utaina ā-ringa i ngā ratonga e whai ake nei, ka hua ake pea he kapiti e kore e kitea i roto i ngā kōwae, ā, ka pā ki te hua o te pūngao.
Ko te hua pūngao o te kōwae e whakawhirinaki ana ki ngā āhuatanga e toru: te hihi o te rā (H--ngā hāora tihi), te whakatauranga mana o te kōwae (watts) me te whai huatanga o te pūnaha (Pr) (e tangohia ana i te nuinga o te wā i te 80%), ko te hua pūngao katoa ko te hua o ēnei āhuatanga e toru; te hua pūngao = H x W x Pr. Ka tatauhia te kaha kua tāutahia mā te whakarea i te whakatauranga mana o te kōwae kotahi ki te tapeke o ngā kōwae i roto i te pūnaha. Hei tauira, mō ngā kōwae 10 285 W kua tāutahia, ko te kaha kua tāutahia ko 285 x 10 = 2,850 W.
Ko te whakapainga o te hua pūngao e tutukihia ana e ngā kōwae PV mata-rua ki te whakataurite ki ngā kōwae tikanga, e whakawhirinaki ana ki te whakaata whenua, te albedo rānei; te teitei me te azimuth o te aroturuki, o tētahi atu whatanga rānei kua tāutahia; me te ōwehenga o te mārama tika ki te mārama marara i te rohe (ngā rā kikorangi, hina rānei). I runga i ēnei āhuatanga, me aromatawai te nui o te whakapainga i runga i ngā āhuatanga tūturu o te tipu hiko PV. Ko ngā whakapainga hua pūngao mata-rua kei waenganui i te 5--20%.
Kua tino whakamatautauria ngā kōwae Toenergy, ā, e kaha ana ki te tu atu i ngā tere o te hau awhiowhio tae atu ki te Wāhanga 12. He taumata ātete wai anō hoki tō ngā kōwae, arā, IP68, ā, ka taea te tu atu i te whatu o te 25 mm te iti rawa.
E 25 tau te roa o te whakamana mō ngā kōwae mata-kotahi mō te whakaputa hiko whai hua, ā, e 30 tau te roa o te whakamana mō te mahi a te kōwae mata-rua.
He iti ake te utu o ngā kōwae mata-rua i ngā kōwae mata-rua, engari ka taea te whakaputa hiko nui ake i raro i ngā āhuatanga tika. Ina kore te taha o muri o te kōwae e āraia, ka taea e te mārama e whiwhihia ana e te taha o muri o te kōwae mata-rua te whakapai ake i te putanga pūngao. Hei tāpiri, he pai ake te ātete o te hanganga karāhe-karahe o te kōwae mata-rua ki te horo o te taiao e te kohu wai, te kohu hau tote, me ētahi atu. He pai ake ngā kōwae mata-rua mō ngā whakaurunga i ngā rohe maunga me ngā tono tuanui whakaputa hiko tohatoha.
Tohutohu Hangarau
Ngā Āhuatanga Hiko
Ko ngā tawhā mahi hiko o ngā kōwae photovoltaic ko te ngaohiko ara iahiko tuwhera (Voc), te iahiko whakawhiti (Isc), te ngaohiko whakahaere (Um), te iahiko whakahaere (Im) me te mana putanga mōrahi (Pm).
1) Ina U=0 ina poto te ara iahiko o ngā wāhanga pai me ngā wāhanga kino o te wāhanga, ko te iahiko i tēnei wā ko te iahiko poto. Ina kore ngā pito pai me ngā pito kino o te wāhanga e hono ana ki te kawenga, ko te ngaohiko i waenganui i ngā pito pai me ngā pito kino o te wāhanga ko te ngaohiko ara iahiko tuwhera.
2) Ko te mana putanga mōrahi e whakawhirinaki ana ki te hihi o te rā, te tohatoha hihi, te pāmahana mahi āta haere me te rahi o te kawenga, e whakamatautauria ana i raro i ngā tikanga paerewa STC (e pā ana te STC ki te hihi AM1.5, ko te kaha hihi taupatupatu he 1000W/m2, te pāmahana wāhanga i te 25°C)
3) Ko te ngaohiko mahi ko te ngaohiko e rite ana ki te pūwāhi mana mōrahi, ā, ko te iahiko mahi ko te iahiko e rite ana ki te pūwāhi mana mōrahi.
He rerekē te ngaohiko ara iahiko tuwhera o ngā momo kōwae photovoltaic rerekē, e pā ana ki te maha o ngā pūtau i roto i te kōwae me te tikanga hononga, arā, tata ki te 30V~60V. Kāore he pana hiko takitahi o ngā wāhanga, ā, ka puta te ngaohiko i te aroaro o te mārama. He rerekē te ngaohiko ara iahiko tuwhera o ngā momo kōwae photovoltaic rerekē, e pā ana ki te maha o ngā pūtau i roto i te kōwae me te tikanga hononga, arā, tata ki te 30V~60V. Kāore he pana hiko takitahi o ngā wāhanga, ā, ka puta te ngaohiko i te aroaro o te mārama.
He taputapu haurua-ira te roto o te waeine photovoltaic, ā, ehara te ngaohiko pai/kino ki te whenua i te uara pumau. Mā te ine tika ka whakaatu he ngaohiko mānu, ā, ka tere te heke ki te 0, kāore he uara tohutoro mahi. E taunakihia ana kia ine i te ngaohiko ara iahiko tuwhera i waenga i ngā pito pai me ngā pito kino o te waeine i raro i ngā āhuatanga rama o waho.
E pā ana te iahiko me te ngaohiko o ngā tipu hiko o te rā ki te pāmahana, te mārama, me ētahi atu. Nā te mea ka rerekē tonu te pāmahana me te mārama, ka rerekē te ngaohiko me te iahiko (te pāmahana teitei me te ngaohiko iti, te pāmahana teitei me te iahiko teitei; te mārama pai, te iahiko teitei me te ngaohiko); te mahi a ngā wāhanga. Ko te pāmahana he -40°C-85°C, nō reira kāore ngā huringa pāmahana e pā ki te whakaputa hiko o te teihana hiko.
Ka inehia te ngaohiko ara iahiko tuwhera o te kōwae i raro i te tikanga o te STC (1000W/㎡ira, 25°C). Nā ngā āhuatanga o te irahiko, ngā āhuatanga pāmahana, me te tika o te taputapu whakamātautau i te wā o te whakamātautau-ā-roto, ka puta te ngaohiko ara iahiko tuwhera me te ngaohiko papa ingoa. He rerekētanga kei te whakatauritea; (2) Ko te tauwehenga pāmahana o te ngaohiko ara iahiko tuwhera noa he tata ki te -0.3(-)-0.35%/℃, nō reira e pā ana te rerekētanga whakamātautau ki te rerekētanga i waenga i te pāmahana me te 25℃ i te wā o te whakamātautau, me te ngaohiko ara iahiko tuwhera i puta mai i te irahiko. Kāore te rerekētanga e neke atu i te 10%. Nō reira, i te nuinga o te wā, me tatau te rerekētanga i waenga i te ngaohiko ara iahiko tuwhera kitea i te papa me te awhe papa ingoa tuturu i runga i te taiao ine tuturu, engari i te nuinga o te wā kāore e neke atu i te 15%.
Whakarōpūtia ngā wāhanga e ai ki te iahiko kua whakatauria, ka tohua, ka wehewehea hoki i runga i ngā wāhanga.
Ko te tikanga, ko te inverter e pā ana ki te wāhanga mana ka whirihorahia kia rite ki ngā whakaritenga o te pūnaha. Me ōrite te mana o te inverter kua tīpakohia ki te mana mōrahi o te huinga pūtau photovoltaic. Ko te tikanga, ko te mana putanga kua whakatauria o te inverter photovoltaic ka tīpakohia kia rite ki te mana whakauru katoa, kia penapena ai i ngā utu.
Mō te hoahoa pūnaha photovoltaic, ko te taahiraa tuatahi, me te taahiraa tino nui, ko te tātari i ngā rauemi pūngao o te rā me ngā raraunga huarere e pā ana ki te wāhi e tāutahia ana, e whakamahia ana hoki te kaupapa. Ko ngā raraunga huarere, pērā i te hihi o te rā ā-rohe, te ua, me te tere o te hau, he raraunga matua mō te hoahoa i te pūnaha. I tēnei wā, ka taea te rapu kore utu i ngā raraunga huarere o tētahi wāhi o te ao mai i te pātengi raraunga huarere a te National Aeronautics and Space Administration a NASA.
Ngā Mātāpono o ngā Kōwae
1. Ko te raumati te wā e nui ai te whakamahinga hiko o te whare. Mā te tāuta i ngā tipu hiko photovoltaic o te whare ka taea te penapena i ngā utu hiko.
2. Mā te tāuta i ngā tipu hiko photovoltaic mō te whakamahinga o te whare ka taea te whiwhi i ngā tautoko a te kāwanatanga, ā, ka taea hoki te hoko atu i te hiko taikaha ki te whatunga hiko, kia whiwhi ai i ngā painga o te rā, ka taea hoki te whakatutuki i ngā kaupapa maha.
3. He pānga whakamahana tō te teihana hiko photovoltaic i whakatakotoria ki runga i te tuanui, ka taea te whakaiti i te pāmahana o roto mā te 3-5 nekehanga. Ahakoa e whakahaeretia ana te pāmahana o te whare, ka taea te whakaiti nui i te whakapaunga hiko o te hauhautanga.
4. Ko te hihi o te rā te mea matua e pā ana ki te whakaputa hiko photovoltaic. I te raumati, he roa ngā rā, he poto ngā pō, ā, he roa ake ngā hāora mahi o te teihana hiko i te tikanga, nō reira ka piki ake te whakaputa hiko.
I te mea kei te mārama tonu, ka whakaputa hiko ngā kōwae, ā, he rite tonu te iahiko whakaputa-whakaahua ki te kaha o te mārama. Ka mahi anō hoki ngā wāhanga i raro i ngā āhuatanga mārama iti, engari ka iti haere te mana whakaputa. Nā te ngoikore o te mārama i te pō, kāore e ranea te mana e whakaputaina ana e ngā kōwae hei akiaki i te inverter ki te mahi, nō reira, kāore ngā kōwae e whakaputa hiko. Heoi, i raro i ngā āhuatanga tino kino pērā i te mārama marama kaha, tera pea he iti rawa te mana o te pūnaha photovoltaic.
Ko ngā kōwae photovoltaic he mea hanga i ngā pūtau, te kiriata, te papa muri, te karāhe, te anga, te pouaka hononga, te rīpene, te gel silica me ētahi atu rauemi. Ko te pepa pākahiko te rauemi matua mō te whakaputa hiko; ko ngā rauemi e toe ana he tiaki i te takai, he tautoko, he here, he ātete ki te huarere me ētahi atu mahi.
Ko te rerekētanga i waenga i ngā kōwae monocrystalline me ngā kōwae polycrystalline ko te rerekētanga o ngā pūtau. He rite te kaupapa mahi a ngā pūtau monocrystalline me ngā pūtau polycrystalline engari he rerekē ngā tukanga hanga. He rerekē anō hoki te āhua. He arc chamfering te pākahiko monocrystalline, ā, he tapawhā rite te pākahiko polycrystalline.
Ko te taha o mua anake o te kōwae kanohi kotahi ka taea te whakaputa hiko, ā, ka taea e ngā taha e rua o te kōwae kanohi rua te whakaputa hiko.
He paparanga kiriata pani kei runga i te mata o te pepa pākahiko, ā, ko ngā rerekētanga o te tukanga tukatuka ka rerekē te matotoru o te paparanga kiriata, ka rerekē te āhua o te pepa pākahiko mai i te kikorangi ki te mangu. Ka whakarōpūhia ngā pūtau i te wā o te tukanga hanga kōwae kia rite ai te tae o ngā pūtau i roto i te kōwae kotahi, engari ka rerekē te tae i waenga i ngā kōwae rerekē. Ko te rerekētanga o te tae ko te rerekētanga o te āhua o ngā wāhanga anake, ā, kāore he pānga ki te mahi whakaputa hiko o ngā wāhanga.
Ko te hiko e whakaputaina ana e ngā kōwae photovoltaic no te iahiko tika, ā, he pumau te papa hiko e karapoti ana, ā, kāore e tukuna ngā ngaru hiko, nō reira e kore e whakaputa i te irahiko hiko.
Te Whakahaere me te Tiaki i ngā Kōwae
Me horoi tonu ngā waeine photovoltaic i runga i te tuanui.
1. Tirohia te ma o te mata o te wāhanga (kotahi i te marama), ā, horoia ki te wai ma. I te wā e horoi ana, kia tupato ki te ma o te mata o te wāhanga, kia kore ai e wera te wāhanga i puta mai i te paru toenga;
2. Hei karo i te pakaru o te tinana i te ru hiko, me te kino pea o ngā wāhanga ina murua ngā wāhanga i raro i te pāmahana teitei me te mārama kaha, ko te wā horoi he ata me te ahiahi, kaua e whiti te rā;
3. Ngāna kia kaua he taru, he rākau, he whare rānei e teitei ake ana i te kōwae i ngā taha rawhiti, tonga mā rāwhiti, tonga, tonga mā uru, me te hauauru o te kōwae. Me kuti wawe ngā taru me ngā rākau e teitei ake ana i te kōwae kia kore ai e ārai, e pāngia rānei te kōwae.
I muri i te pakaru o te wāhanga, ka heke te mahi ārai hiko, ā, kei reira te tūponotanga o te turuturu me te ru hiko. E taunakihia ana kia whakakapia te wāhanga ki tētahi mea hou i te wā e taea ai i muri i te motuhanga o te hiko.
He hononga tata tonu te whakaputanga hiko o te waeine photovoltaic ki ngā āhuatanga o te rangi pērā i ngā wā e whā, te ao me te pō, me te kapua, te paki rānei. I te rangi ua, ahakoa kāore he rā tika, ka iti noa te whakaputanga hiko o ngā tipu hiko photovoltaic, engari kāore e mutu te whakaputa hiko. Ka mau tonu te pai o te hurihanga o ngā waeine photovoltaic i raro i te mārama marara, i ngā āhuatanga mārama ngoikore rānei.
Kāore e taea te whakahaere i ngā āhuatanga o te rangi, engari mā te mahi pai ki te tiaki i ngā waeine photovoltaic i ia rā ka taea hoki te whakanui ake i te whakaputa hiko. I muri i te tāutanga o ngā wāhanga me te tīmata ki te whakaputa hiko i te āhua noa, ka taea e ngā tirotiro auau te pupuri i ngā mōhiohio e pā ana ki te mahi a te teihana hiko, ā, mā te horoi auau ka taea te tango i te puehu me ētahi atu paru i runga i te mata o ngā wāhanga me te whakapai ake i te whai huatanga o te whakaputa hiko o ngā wāhanga.
1. Kia mau tonu te hauhautanga, tirohia tonu te rere o te wera huri noa i te inverter kia kite ai mēnā ka taea e te hau te rere noa, horoia tonutia ngā parepare o ngā wāhanga, tirohia tonu mēnā he wetekina ngā whāriki me ngā here wāhanga, tirohia mēnā kei te kitea ngā taura. Āhuatanga me ērā atu mea.
2. Kia tino mohio kei te taha o te teihana hiko ngā taru, ngā rau kua hinga, me ngā manu. Kia maumahara kaua e whakamaroke i ngā hua, ngā kākahu, me ērā atu mea i runga i ngā waeine hiko. Ehara i te mea ka pā noa ēnei whare tiaki ki te whakaputa hiko, engari ka puta hoki te pānga wera o ngā waeine, ka puta ai he tūponotanga mōrearea ki te haumaru.
3. Kāore e whakaaetia te rehu wai ki runga i ngā wāhanga hei whakamatao i te wā e tino pāmahana ana. Ahakoa ka taea e tēnei momo tikanga oneone te whai pānga whakamatao, ki te kore e āraihia tō teihana hiko i te wā hoahoa me te tāutanga, tera pea ka pāngia e te ru hiko. Hei tāpiri, ko te mahi o te tauhiuhi wai hei whakamatao he rite ki te "ua rā hangai", ka whakaitihia hoki te whakaputanga hiko o te teihana hiko.
E rua ngā momo o te horoi ā-ringa me te horoi karetao, ka whiriwhiria kia rite ki ngā āhuatanga o te penapena o te teihana hiko me te uauatanga o te whakatinanatanga; me aro nui ki te tukanga tango puehu: 1. I te wā e horoi ana i ngā wāhanga, kāore e whakaaetia kia tū, kia hikoi rānei i runga i ngā wāhanga hei karo i te kaha ā-rohe ki ngā wāhanga. 2. Ko te auau o te horoinga o te kōwae e whakawhirinaki ana ki te tere o te kohikohinga o te puehu me ngā paru manu ki te mata o te kōwae. Ko te teihana hiko he iti ake te parepare ka horoia kia rua ngā wā i te tau. Mena he nui te parepare, ka taea te whakanui ake kia rite ki ngā tātaitanga ōhanga. 3. Ngāna ki te whiriwhiri i te ata, te ahiahi, te rangi kapua rānei ina ngoikore te mārama (he iti iho i te 200W/㎡ te hihi) hei horoi; 4. Mena kua pakaru te karāhe, te papa o muri, te taura rānei o te kōwae, me whakakapi i mua i te horoinga kia kore ai e pāngia e te ru hiko.
1. Mā ngā karawarawa i te papa o muri o te kōwae ka uru te mamaoa wai ki roto i te kōwae, ka whakaiti i te mahi whakamarumaru o te kōwae, ka tū he mōrearea nui ki te haumaru;
2. Kia aro nui ki te tirotiro i ngā āhuatanga rerekē o ngā karawarawa o muri o te papa, me te rapu me te whakatika i aua mea i te wā tika.
3. Mō ngā wāhanga kua rakurakuhia, ki te kore e hohonu ngā rakuraku, ā, kāore e pakaru i te mata, ka taea e koe te whakamahi i te rīpene whakatika papa muri kua tukuna ki te mākete hei whakatika. Ki te nui ngā rakuraku, me whakakapi tonu.
1. I te wā e horoia ana te kōwae, kāore e whakaaetia kia tū, kia hikoi rānei i runga i ngā kōwae kia kore ai e puta te kōwae ki waho;
2. Ko te auau o te horoinga o te kōwae e whakawhirinaki ana ki te tere o te kohikohinga o ngā mea e ārai ana i te puehu me ngā paru manu i runga i te mata o te kōwae. Ko ngā teihana hiko he iti ake te ārai ka horoihia kia rua ngā wā i te tau. Mena he nui te ārai, ka taea te whakanui ake i runga i ngā tātaitanga ōhanga.
3. Ngāna ki te whiriwhiri i ngā rā ata, ahiahi, kapua rānei ina ngoikore te mārama (he iti iho i te 200W/㎡ te hihi) hei horoi;
4. Mena kua pakaru te karāhe, te papa o muri, te taura rānei o te kōwae, me whakakapi i mua i te horoinga hei ārai i te ru hiko.
E taunakihia ana kia ≤3000pa te pēhanga wai horoi i te taha mua, me ≤1500pa i te taha muri o te kōwae (me horoi te taha muri o te kōwae taha-rua hei whakaputa hiko, ā, kāore e tūtohutia kia ~8 i waenganui.
Mō te paru e kore e taea te tango e te wai ma, ka taea e koe te whiriwhiri ki te whakamahi i ētahi kaihoroi karāhe ahumahi, waipiro, methanol me ētahi atu whakarewa e ai ki te momo paru. Kāore e whakaaetia kia whakamahia ētahi atu matū pēnei i te paura whakakoi, te kaihoroi whakakoi, te kaihoroi horoi, te mīhini whakakanapa, te konutai hauwai, te benzene, te nitro thinner, te waikawa kaha, te kawakore kaha rānei.
Ngā Whakaaro: (1) Tirohia te ma o te mata o te waeine (kotahi i te marama), ā, horoia ki te wai ma. I te wā e horoi ana, kia tupato ki te ma o te mata o te waeine kia kore ai e puta he werawera i runga i te waeine i puta mai i te paru toenga. Ko te wā horoi i te ata me te ahiahi i te wā kāore he rā; (2) Ngana kia kaua he taru kino, he rākau me he whare e teitei ake ana i te waeine i ngā taha rawhiti, tonga-mā-rāwhiti, tonga-mā-uru me te hauauru o te waeine, ā, tapahia ngā taru kino me ngā rākau e teitei ake ana i te waeine i te wā tika kia kore ai e ārai i te whakaputa hiko o ngā wāhanga.
Ko te pikinga ake o te whakaputanga hiko o ngā kōwae mata-rua ki te whakataurite ki ngā kōwae tikanga, e whakawhirinaki ana ki ēnei āhuatanga: (1) te whakaata o te whenua (mā, kanapa); (2) te teitei me te piko o te tautoko; (3) te mārama tika me te marara o te wāhi kei reira te ōwehenga o te mārama (he kikorangi rawa te rangi, he hina rānei); nō reira, me aromatawai kia rite ki te āhua o te teihana hiko.
Mena he ārai kei runga ake i te kōwae, kāore pea he wāhi wera, kei te āhua tonu o te ārai. Ka pā ki te whakaputa hiko, engari he uaua ki te ine i te pānga, ā, me tatau e ngā tohunga hangarau ngaio.
Ngā otinga
Teihana Hiko
Ka pāngia te ia me te ngaohiko o ngā tipu hiko PV e te pāmahana, te mārama me ētahi atu āhuatanga. He rerekē tonu te ngaohiko me te iahiko nā te mea he pumau tonu ngā rerekētanga o te pāmahana me te mārama: ka teitei ake te pāmahana, ka iti ake te ngaohiko, ā, ka teitei ake te iahiko, ā, ka teitei ake te kaha o te mārama, ka teitei ake te ngaohiko me te iahiko. Ka taea e ngā kōwae te mahi puta noa i te awhe pāmahana -40°C--85°C, nō reira ka pāngia te putanga pūngao o te tipu hiko PV.
He kikorangi te āhua o ngā kōwae i te nuinga o te wā nā te mea he paninga kiriata ārai-whakaata kei runga i ngā mata o ngā pūtau. Heoi, he rerekētanga kei roto i te tae o ngā kōwae nā te rerekētanga o te matotoru o aua kiriata. He huinga tae paerewa rerekē ā mātou, tae atu ki te kikorangi papaku, te kikorangi mārama, te kikorangi waenga, te kikorangi pouri me te kikorangi hohonu mō ngā kōwae. Hei tāpiri, ko te whai huatanga o te whakaputa hiko PV e pā ana ki te kaha o ngā kōwae, ā, kāore he rerekētanga o te tae e pāngia ana e ngā rerekētanga o te tae.
Hei pupuri i te kaha o te tipu kia pai ake, tirohia te ma o ngā mata o te kōwae i ia marama, ā, horoia tonutia ki te wai ma. Me aro nui ki te horoi katoa i ngā mata o ngā kōwae hei ārai i te hanganga o ngā wāhi wera ki runga i ngā kōwae i puta mai i te paru me te paru toenga, ā, me mahi te mahi horoi i te ata, i te pō rānei. Kaua hoki e tukua kia tipu ngā otaota, ngā rākau me ngā hanganga he teitei ake i ngā kōwae i te taha rawhiti, tonga-mā-rāwhiti, tonga, tonga-mā-uru me te taha hauauru o te rarangi. Me tapahi i te wā tika ngā rākau me ngā otaota he teitei ake i ngā kōwae hei ārai i te atarangi me te pānga pea ki te kaha o ngā kōwae (mō ētahi atu kōrero, tirohia te pukapuka horoi).
Ko te hua o te pūngao o tētahi tipu hiko PV e whakawhirinaki ana ki ngā mea maha, tae atu ki ngā āhuatanga o te rangi i te papaanga me ngā wāhanga katoa o te pūnaha. I raro i ngā āhuatanga ratonga noa, ko te hua o te pūngao e whakawhirinaki ana ki te hihi o te rā me ngā āhuatanga o te tāutanga, he nui ake te rerekētanga i waenga i ngā rohe me ngā wā. Hei tāpiri, ka tūtohu mātou kia aro nui atu ki te tatau i te hua o te pūngao ā-tau o te pūnaha, kaua ki te arotahi ki ngā raraunga hua o ia rā.
Kei roto i te wāhi maunga matatini e kiia nei he awaawa whakarara, he maha ngā nekehanga ki ngā pari, me ngā āhuatanga matawhenua me te wai matatini. I te tīmatanga o te hoahoa, me whai whakaaro katoa te tīma hoahoa ki ngā huringa pea o te whenua. Ki te kore, ka huna pea ngā kōwae i te rā tika, ka ara ake pea ngā raruraru i te wā o te whakatakotoranga me te hanganga.
He whakaritenga motuhake mō te whenua me te aronga o te whakaputa hiko maunga PV. I te nuinga o te wā, he pai ake te whiriwhiri i tētahi wāhi papatahi he pari tonga (ina iti iho i te 35 nekehanga te pari). Mena he pari neke atu i te 35 nekehanga te whenua i te tonga, e uaua ana te hanga engari he nui te putanga hiko me te iti o te tawhiti me te whenua, he pai pea te whakaaro anō ki te kōwhiringa o te wāhi. Ko ngā tauira tuarua ko ngā wāhi he pari tonga-mā-rāwhiti, he pari tonga-mā-uru, he pari rawhiti, me te pari hauauru (ina iti iho i te 20 nekehanga te pari). He nui ake te tawhiti me te whenua o tēnei aronga, ā, ka taea te whakaaro mena kāore te pari i te tino pari. Ko ngā tauira whakamutunga ko ngā wāhi he pari raki marumaru. He iti te whakamarumaru o tēnei aronga, he iti te putanga hiko me te nui o te tawhiti. Me iti te whakamahinga o aua wāhi. Mena me whakamahi aua wāhi, he pai ake te whiriwhiri i ngā wāhi he pari iti iho i te 10 nekehanga.
He rerekē ngā pari o ngā whenua maunga, ā, he rerekē ngā tūnga me ngā rerekētanga pari nui, tae atu ki ngā awaawa hohonu, ngā pukepuke rānei i ētahi wāhi. Nō reira, me hoahoa te pūnaha tautoko kia ngāwari ake te urutau ki ngā whenua uaua: o Hurihia te whatanga teitei ki te whatanga poto ake. o Whakamahia he hanganga whatanga e ngāwari ake ana te urutau ki te whenua: he tautoko pou kotahi-rārangi me te rerekētanga teitei o te pou ka taea te whakarerekē, he tautoko pou kotahi-pūmau, he tautoko ara rānei me te koki teitei ka taea te whakarerekē. o Whakamahia he tautoko taura roa kua whakamātauhia i mua, ka taea te āwhina ki te whakakore i te kore taurite i waenga i ngā pou.
Ka tukuna e mātou he hoahoa taipitopito me ngā rangahau papaanga i ngā wāhanga tōmua o te whanaketanga hei whakaiti i te nui o te whenua e whakamahia ana.
He pai ki te taiao, he pai ki te whatunga hiko, he pai hoki ki te kiritaki ngā tipu hiko PV e pai ana ki te taiao. Ki te whakatauritea ki ngā tipu hiko tuku iho, he pai ake ēnei tipu i roto i te ōhanga, te mahi, te hangarau me ngā tukunga.
Whare Noho Tohatoha
Ko te tikanga o te whatunga hiko tāpui whakaputa hiko ā-whaiaro, ko te hiko e whakaputaina ana e te pūnaha whakaputa hiko photovoltaic tohatoha ka whakamahia e ngā kaiwhakamahi hiko tonu, ā, ko te hiko tāpui ka honoa ki te whatunga hiko. He tauira pakihi tēnei mō te whakaputa hiko photovoltaic tohatoha. Mō tēnei aratau whakahaere, ka whakatakotoria te pūwāhi hononga whatunga photovoltaic ki te I te taha kawenga o te mita a te kaiwhakamahi, me tāpiri he mita ine mō te tuku hiko whakamuri photovoltaic, me whakatakoto rānei te mita whakapau hiko whatunga ki te ine rua-ara. Ka taea e te hiko photovoltaic e pau tika ana i te kaiwhakamahi te whiwhi tika i te utu hoko o te whatunga hiko hei penapena hiko. Ka ine motuhaketia te hiko, ā, ka whakatauhia ki te utu hiko kua whakaritea i runga i te whatunga.
Ko te teihana hiko photovoltaic tohatoha e pā ana ki tētahi pūnaha whakaputa hiko e whakamahi ana i ngā rauemi tohatoha, he iti te kaha kua tāutahia, ā, kei te taha o te kaiwhakamahi. Ko te tikanga he hononga ki tētahi whatunga hiko he iti iho i te 35 kV te taumata ngaohiko. Ka whakamahia e ia ngā kōwae photovoltaic hei huri tika i te pūngao o te rā hei pūngao hiko. He momo whakaputa hiko hou, he whakamahinga whānui hoki o te pūngao me ngā tirohanga whanaketanga whānui. E tautoko ana i ngā mātāpono o te whakaputa hiko tata, te hononga whatunga tata, te hurihanga tata, me te whakamahinga tata. Ehara i te mea ka taea anake te whakanui ake i te whakaputa hiko o ngā tipu hiko photovoltaic o te tauine kotahi, engari ka whai hua hoki ki te whakaoti i te raruraru o te ngaronga hiko i te wā e whakanui ana me te kawe tawhiti.
Ko te ngaohiko hono-pūnaha o te pūnaha photovoltaic tohatoha ka whakatauhia e te kaha kua tāutahia o te pūnaha. Me whakatau te ngaohiko hono-pūnaha motuhake i runga i te whakaaetanga a te pūnaha urunga a te kamupene pūna. I te nuinga o te wā, ka whakamahia e ngā whare te AC220V hei hono atu ki te pūna, ā, ka taea e ngā kaiwhakamahi arumoni te whiriwhiri i te AC380V, i te 10kV rānei hei hono atu ki te pūna.
Ko te whakamahana me te tiaki i te wera o ngā whare kati kōtuhi he raruraru matua e pāngia ana e ngā kaimahi pāmu. E matapaetia ana ka whakatauhia tēnei raruraru e ngā whare kati kōtuhi ahuwhenua photovoltaic. Nā te pāmahana teitei i te raumati, he maha ngā momo huawhenua kāore e taea te tipu noa mai i Hune ki Hepetema, ā, he rite tonu ki te tāpiri i ngā whare kati kōtuhi ahuwhenua photovoltaic. Ka tāutahia he ine hiko, ka taea te wehe i ngā hihi infrared me te aukati i te wera nui ki te tomo ki te whare kati kōtuhi. I te takurua me te pō, ka taea hoki e ia te aukati i te mārama infrared i roto i te whare kati kōtuhi kei whiti ki waho, ka whai pānga ki te tiaki wera. Ka taea e ngā whare kati kōtuhi ahuwhenua photovoltaic te whakarato i te hiko e hiahiatia ana mō te whakamārama i roto i ngā whare kati kōtuhi ahuwhenua, ā, ka taea hoki te hono i te hiko e toe ana ki te whatunga hiko. I roto i te whare kati kōtuhi photovoltaic waho-whatunga, ka taea te whakamahi me te pūnaha LED hei aukati i te mārama i te awatea kia pai ai te tipu o ngā tipu me te whakaputa hiko i te wā kotahi. Ka whakaratohia e te pūnaha LED pō te whakamārama mā te whakamahi i te hiko awatea. Ka taea hoki te whakatū i ngā papa hiko photovoltaic ki roto i ngā roto ika, ka taea tonu e ngā roto te whakatipu ika, ā, ka taea hoki e ngā papa hiko photovoltaic te whakarato i tētahi piringa pai mō te mahi pāmu ika, e pai ake ai te whakatau i te taupatupatu i waenga i te whanaketanga o te pūngao hou me te nui o te whenua e nohoia ana. Nō reira, ka taea te tāuta i ngā whare kati kōtuhi ahuwhenua me ngā roto ika.
Ngā whare wheketere i roto i te mara ahumahi: inā koa i roto i ngā wheketere he nui te whakamahinga hiko me ngā utu hiko hokohoko ipurangi he nui te utu, he nui te tuanui o ngā whare wheketere me ngā tuanui tuwhera me te papatahi, e tika ana mō te tāuta i ngā rarangi photovoltaic, ā, nā te kawenga hiko nui, ka taea e ngā pūnaha hono-whatunga photovoltaic tohatoha te whakamahi. Ka taea te whakamahi ā-rohe hei whakakore i tētahi wāhanga o te mana hokohoko ipurangi, ā, mā reira ka penapenahia ngā pire hiko a ngā kaiwhakamahi.
Ngā whare arumoni: He rite te pānga ki ērā o ngā papa ahumahi, ko te rerekētanga ko te nuinga o ngā whare arumoni he tuanui sima, he pai ake mō te tāuta i ngā huinga photovoltaic, engari he maha ngā whakaritenga mō te ataahua o ngā whare. E ai ki ngā whare arumoni, ngā whare tari, ngā hōtēra, ngā pokapū hui, ngā wāhi hararei, me ētahi atu. Nā ngā āhuatanga o te umanga ratonga, he nui ake ngā āhuatanga o te kawenga kaiwhakamahi i te awatea, he iti iho i te pō, ka pai ake te ōrite ki ngā āhuatanga o te whakaputa hiko photovoltaic.
Ngā whakaurunga ahuwhenua: He nui ngā tuanui e wātea ana i ngā wāhi tuawhenua, tae atu ki ngā whare noho motuhake, ngā whare huawhenua, ngā roto ika, me ētahi atu. Kei te pito o te whatunga hiko tūmatanui ngā wāhi tuawhenua, ā, he ngoikore te kounga o te hiko. Mā te hanga pūnaha photovoltaic tohatoha i ngā wāhi tuawhenua ka taea te whakapai ake i te haumarutanga hiko me te kounga o te hiko.
Ngā whare ā-rohe me ētahi atu whare tūmatanui: Nā te whakakotahitanga o ngā paerewa whakahaere, te pono o te kawenga kaiwhakamahi me te whanonga pakihi, me te nui o te hihiri mō te tāutanga, he pai hoki ngā whare ā-rohe me ētahi atu whare tūmatanui mō te hanganga pokapū me te hanganga tata o ngā photovoltaics tohatoha.
Ngā rohe ahuwhenua me ngā moutere tawhiti: Nā te tawhiti atu i te whatunga hiko, e miriona tonu ana ngā tāngata kāore he hiko i ngā rohe ahuwhenua me ngā moutere tawhiti, tae atu ki ngā moutere takutai. He pūnaha photovoltaic waho-whatunga hiko, he pūnaha rānei e tautoko ana i ētahi atu puna hiko, he tino pai te pūnaha whakaputa hiko moroiti-whatunga hiko mō te whakamahi i ēnei rohe.
Tuatahi, ka taea te whakatairanga i roto i ngā whare me ngā wāhi tūmatanui puta noa i te motu hei hanga i tētahi pūnaha whakaputa hiko photovoltaic whare tohatoha, me te whakamahi i ngā whare ā-rohe me ngā wāhi tūmatanui hei whakatū i tētahi pūnaha whakaputa hiko tohatoha hei whakatutuki i tētahi wāhanga o te hiahia hiko o ngā kaiwhakamahi hiko me te whakarato i te nui o te kai. Ka taea e ngā umanga te whakarato hiko mō te whakaputa;
Ko te tuarua, ka taea te whakatairanga i roto i ngā rohe tūmatanui pērā i ngā moutere me ētahi atu rohe he iti te hiko, kāore hoki he hiko hei hanga i ngā pūnaha whakaputa hiko i waho o te whatunga hiko, i ngā whatunga iti rānei. Nā te rerekētanga o ngā taumata whanaketanga ōhanga, kei reira tonu ētahi taupori i ngā rohe tūmatanui o tōku whenua kāore anō kia whakatauhia te raruraru matua o te whakapaunga hiko. Ko te nuinga o ngā kaupapa whatunga hiko e whakawhirinaki ana ki te whakawhānui i ngā whatunga hiko nui, te hiko wai iti, te hiko wera iti me ētahi atu puna hiko. He tino uaua ki te whakawhānui i te whatunga hiko, ā, he roa rawa te radius o te puna hiko, ka hua ake he kounga iti o te puna hiko. Ko te whakawhanaketanga o te whakaputa hiko tohatoha i waho o te whatunga hiko ehara i te mea ka taea anake te whakaoti i te raruraru o te korenga o te hiko. He raruraru nui te whakapaunga hiko a ngā kainoho i ngā rohe iti te hiko, ā, ka taea hoki e rātou te whakamahi i te pūngao hou ā-rohe me te ma me te whai hua, me te whakaoti pai i te taupatupatu i waenga i te pūngao me te taiao.
Kei roto i ngā whakaputanga hiko photovoltaic tohatoha ngā puka tono pēnei i te whatunga-hono, te whatunga-kore, me te whatunga-iti tāpiri-pūngao maha. Ko te nuinga o te wā ka whakamahia te whakaputanga hiko tohatoha-hono-whatunga tata ki ngā kaiwhakamahi. Hokona te hiko mai i te whatunga ina kore e ranea te whakaputanga hiko, ka hokona te hiko ipurangi ina he nui te hiko. Ko te nuinga o te wā ka whakamahia te whakaputanga hiko photovoltaic tohatoha-kore i waho o te whatunga ki ngā rohe tūmatanui me ngā moutere. Kāore e honoa ki te whatunga hiko nui, ā, ka whakamahia e ia tana ake pūnaha whakaputa hiko me te pūnaha rokiroki hiko hei tuku tika i te hiko ki te kawenga. Ka taea hoki e te pūnaha photovoltaic tohatoha te hanga i tētahi pūnaha hiko-iti tāpiri-pūngao maha me ētahi atu tikanga whakaputa hiko, pēnei i te wai, te hau, te mārama, me ētahi atu, ka taea te whakahaere motuhake hei whatunga-iti, te whakauru rānei ki te whatunga mō te whakahaere whatunga.
I tēnei wā, he maha ngā otinga pūtea ka taea te whakatutuki i ngā hiahia o ngā kaiwhakamahi rerekē. He iti noa te haumitanga tuatahi e hiahiatia ana, ā, ka utua te nama mā te moni whiwhi mai i te whakaputa hiko i ia tau, kia taea ai e rātou te pārekareka ki te oranga matomato e kawea mai ana e ngā photovoltaics.
